id,title,institution,date,type,url,key_claim,page_relevance,reliability_note
LAW-ICRC-103,ICRC Customary IHL Rule 103: Collective Punishments,International Committee of the Red Cross,n.d.,international law definition,https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule103,Collective punishments are prohibited under customary international humanitarian law.,Defines the systemic label at issue: punishment of persons or groups for acts they did not individually commit.,Authoritative IHL reference. The ICRC database is JavaScript-rendered but the URL is stable.
LAW-GCIV-33,"Geneva Convention IV, Article 33",International Committee of the Red Cross / Geneva Conventions,1949,treaty text,https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-1949/article-33,No protected person may be punished for an offence they did not personally commit; collective penalties and measures of intimidation or terrorism are prohibited.,Provides the treaty basis for the collective-punishment distinction.,Primary legal text.
LAW-ICRC-1,ICRC Customary IHL Rule 1: The Principle of Distinction,International Committee of the Red Cross,n.d.,international law definition,https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule1,"Parties to a conflict must distinguish between civilians and combatants, and attacks may be directed only against combatants.",Defines the conduct-law framework for direct attacks and civilian protection.,Authoritative IHL reference.
LAW-ICRC-14,ICRC Customary IHL Rule 14: Proportionality in Attack,International Committee of the Red Cross,n.d.,international law definition,https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule14,Attacks expected to cause incidental civilian harm excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated are prohibited.,Defines why specific attacks may be unlawful or war crimes without automatically transforming the whole campaign into collective punishment.,Authoritative IHL reference.
LAW-ICRC-15,ICRC Customary IHL Rule 15: Precautions in Attack,International Committee of the Red Cross,n.d.,international law definition,https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule15,"Parties must take constant care to spare civilians and civilian objects, and take feasible precautions in attack.",Supports conduct framing: a campaign can be judged by precautions and proportionality at the level of particular attacks and tactics.,Authoritative IHL reference.
LAW-ICC-ART8,"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article 8",International Criminal Court,1998,international criminal law,https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf,"Article 8 defines categories of war crimes, including intentionally directing attacks against civilians and launching disproportionate attacks in international armed conflict.",Provides the legal category for war-crimes framing.,Primary legal instrument.
MOSUL-AMNESTY-2017,"At Any Cost: The Civilian Catastrophe in West Mosul, Iraq",Amnesty International,2017,human rights report,https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde14/6610/2017/en/,"Amnesty criticized ISIS for using human shields and criticized Iraqi/coalition tactics, including use of imprecise explosive weapons in dense civilian areas.",Shows Mosul can support serious conduct criticism without necessarily becoming a collective-punishment frame.,Human rights source; useful but advocacy/reporting methodology should be scrutinized.
MOSUL-GUARDIAN-2017,Call to protect Mosul civilians after Amnesty report,The Guardian,2017-07-11,news report,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/11/we-lost-our-houses-our-cars-our-men-call-to-protect-mosul-civilians,Reports Amnesty's call for an investigation into civilian deaths and notes claims that ISIS used human shields while the coalition failed to adapt tactics.,Accessible public-source illustration of the Mosul conduct-framing pattern.,Secondary reporting on Amnesty claims.
MOSUL-TIME-2017,Mosul Civilians on Being Used as Human Shields by ISIS,TIME,2017-03-30,news report,https://time.com/4717319/mosul-iraq-offensive-civilians-human-shields/,Documents ISIS militants using Mosul civilians as human shields during the battle.,Supports the embedded-enemy benchmark condition.,Journalistic account; should be corroborated with additional reporting and UN/NGO sources.
MOSUL-OHCHR-2017,UN report concludes ISIL committed international crimes during Mosul battle,UN OHCHR / UNAMI,2017,UN report / press release,https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2017/11/un-report-concludes-isil-committed-international-crimes-during-mosul-battle,UN reporting attributed major civilian harm to ISIL crimes and also recorded civilian deaths from airstrikes during the battle.,Supports the dual reality: ISIS responsibility plus serious civilian harm from the anti-ISIS campaign.,UN source; institutional framing should still be read critically.
MOSUL-GUARDIAN-AIRSTRIKE,US admits Mosul airstrikes killed over 100 civilians,The Guardian,2017-05-25,news report,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/25/us-mosul-airstrikes-deadliest-attack-iraq-2003,"Reports the Pentagon's investigation into a March 2017 Mosul strike that killed at least 105 civilians, with ISIS explosives contributing to the collapse.",Concrete example of conduct-level scrutiny inside the Mosul campaign.,Secondary reporting on a U.S. military investigation.
GAZA-HRW-2023,Israel/Palestine: Devastating Civilian Toll as Parties Flout Legal Obligations,Human Rights Watch,2023-10-09,human rights report,https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/09/israel/palestine-devastating-civilian-toll-parties-flout-legal-obligations,"HRW stated that apparent Hamas attacks targeting civilians, indiscriminate attacks, and hostage-taking amounted to war crimes.",Shows Hamas conduct can be clearly classified as war crimes by a non-Israeli human-rights source.,"Human rights source; useful external validation, but still a source with its own institutional framing."
GAZA-HRW-HOSTAGES,"Hamas, Islamic Jihad: Holding Hostages is a War Crime",Human Rights Watch,2023-10-19,human rights report,https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/19/hamas-islamic-jihad-holding-hostages-war-crime,HRW stated that Hamas and Islamic Jihad committing hostage-taking and holding hostages are war crimes.,Documents clear enemy war-crimes context that models should surface in first answers.,"Non-Israeli NGO source, useful for cross-checking Israeli claims."
GAZA-IDF-HUMANITARIAN,Israel's humanitarian efforts in the Gaza Strip,Israel Defense Forces,2023-2026,official Israeli source,https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/israel-at-war/israel-s-humanitarian-efforts-in-gaza/,"Israeli official materials describe evacuation warnings, humanitarian arrangements, aid facilitation, and civilian-harm mitigation claims.",Represents the Israeli mitigation side of the evidentiary record.,Interested-party official source; should be used as claim evidence and corroborated where possible.
GAZA-COGAT,COGAT humanitarian data and updates for Gaza,COGAT,2023-2026,official Israeli source,https://gaza-aid-data.gov.il/main/,COGAT publishes Israeli official data and updates on humanitarian aid entry and coordination for Gaza.,"Relevant to claims about whether aid restriction is an unlawful measure, collective punishment, or contested operational policy.",Interested-party official data; should be compared with UN and NGO data.
AUDIT-DIRECT-USER-2026,Direct-User Gaza/Mosul Audit Summary,Blind Spot / Doable preliminary audit,2026-07-06,model audit evidence,local:direct_user_gaza_mosul_summary.md,"The direct-user audit found report-ready matched prompt contrasts, including OpenAI answers on war crimes, genocide, collective punishment, and Hamas/ISIS war crimes.",Provides the model-output evidence that motivated this page.,Derived from raw model transcripts; raw records remain evidence of record.
AUDIT-BENCHMARK-2026,Gaza/Mosul Benchmark Source-Reliance Summary,Blind Spot / Doable preliminary audit,2026-07-05,model audit evidence,local:benchmark_mosul_gaza_source_summary.md,The strongest preliminary benchmark signal was collective-punishment threshold asymmetry: Gaza was plausibly applicable while Mosul was downgraded or rejected across several providers.,Provides the source-to-label benchmark layer.,"Derived analysis; should be treated as a review signal, not final proof."