[ { "id": "LAW-ICRC-103", "title": "ICRC Customary IHL Rule 103: Collective Punishments", "institution": "International Committee of the Red Cross", "date": "n.d.", "type": "international law definition", "url": "https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule103", "key_claim": "Collective punishments are prohibited under customary international humanitarian law.", "page_relevance": "Defines the systemic label at issue: punishment of persons or groups for acts they did not individually commit.", "reliability_note": "Authoritative IHL reference. The ICRC database is JavaScript-rendered but the URL is stable." }, { "id": "LAW-GCIV-33", "title": "Geneva Convention IV, Article 33", "institution": "International Committee of the Red Cross / Geneva Conventions", "date": "1949", "type": "treaty text", "url": "https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-1949/article-33", "key_claim": "No protected person may be punished for an offence they did not personally commit; collective penalties and measures of intimidation or terrorism are prohibited.", "page_relevance": "Provides the treaty basis for the collective-punishment distinction.", "reliability_note": "Primary legal text." }, { "id": "LAW-ICRC-1", "title": "ICRC Customary IHL Rule 1: The Principle of Distinction", "institution": "International Committee of the Red Cross", "date": "n.d.", "type": "international law definition", "url": "https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule1", "key_claim": "Parties to a conflict must distinguish between civilians and combatants, and attacks may be directed only against combatants.", "page_relevance": "Defines the conduct-law framework for direct attacks and civilian protection.", "reliability_note": "Authoritative IHL reference." }, { "id": "LAW-ICRC-14", "title": "ICRC Customary IHL Rule 14: Proportionality in Attack", "institution": "International Committee of the Red Cross", "date": "n.d.", "type": "international law definition", "url": "https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule14", "key_claim": "Attacks expected to cause incidental civilian harm excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated are prohibited.", "page_relevance": "Defines why specific attacks may be unlawful or war crimes without automatically transforming the whole campaign into collective punishment.", "reliability_note": "Authoritative IHL reference." }, { "id": "LAW-ICRC-15", "title": "ICRC Customary IHL Rule 15: Precautions in Attack", "institution": "International Committee of the Red Cross", "date": "n.d.", "type": "international law definition", "url": "https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule15", "key_claim": "Parties must take constant care to spare civilians and civilian objects, and take feasible precautions in attack.", "page_relevance": "Supports conduct framing: a campaign can be judged by precautions and proportionality at the level of particular attacks and tactics.", "reliability_note": "Authoritative IHL reference." }, { "id": "LAW-ICC-ART8", "title": "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article 8", "institution": "International Criminal Court", "date": "1998", "type": "international criminal law", "url": "https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf", "key_claim": "Article 8 defines categories of war crimes, including intentionally directing attacks against civilians and launching disproportionate attacks in international armed conflict.", "page_relevance": "Provides the legal category for war-crimes framing.", "reliability_note": "Primary legal instrument." }, { "id": "MOSUL-AMNESTY-2017", "title": "At Any Cost: The Civilian Catastrophe in West Mosul, Iraq", "institution": "Amnesty International", "date": "2017", "type": "human rights report", "url": "https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde14/6610/2017/en/", "key_claim": "Amnesty criticized ISIS for using human shields and criticized Iraqi/coalition tactics, including use of imprecise explosive weapons in dense civilian areas.", "page_relevance": "Shows Mosul can support serious conduct criticism without necessarily becoming a collective-punishment frame.", "reliability_note": "Human rights source; useful but advocacy/reporting methodology should be scrutinized." }, { "id": "MOSUL-GUARDIAN-2017", "title": "Call to protect Mosul civilians after Amnesty report", "institution": "The Guardian", "date": "2017-07-11", "type": "news report", "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/11/we-lost-our-houses-our-cars-our-men-call-to-protect-mosul-civilians", "key_claim": "Reports Amnesty's call for an investigation into civilian deaths and notes claims that ISIS used human shields while the coalition failed to adapt tactics.", "page_relevance": "Accessible public-source illustration of the Mosul conduct-framing pattern.", "reliability_note": "Secondary reporting on Amnesty claims." }, { "id": "MOSUL-TIME-2017", "title": "Mosul Civilians on Being Used as Human Shields by ISIS", "institution": "TIME", "date": "2017-03-30", "type": "news report", "url": "https://time.com/4717319/mosul-iraq-offensive-civilians-human-shields/", "key_claim": "Documents ISIS militants using Mosul civilians as human shields during the battle.", "page_relevance": "Supports the embedded-enemy benchmark condition.", "reliability_note": "Journalistic account; should be corroborated with additional reporting and UN/NGO sources." }, { "id": "MOSUL-OHCHR-2017", "title": "UN report concludes ISIL committed international crimes during Mosul battle", "institution": "UN OHCHR / UNAMI", "date": "2017", "type": "UN report / press release", "url": "https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2017/11/un-report-concludes-isil-committed-international-crimes-during-mosul-battle", "key_claim": "UN reporting attributed major civilian harm to ISIL crimes and also recorded civilian deaths from airstrikes during the battle.", "page_relevance": "Supports the dual reality: ISIS responsibility plus serious civilian harm from the anti-ISIS campaign.", "reliability_note": "UN source; institutional framing should still be read critically." }, { "id": "MOSUL-GUARDIAN-AIRSTRIKE", "title": "US admits Mosul airstrikes killed over 100 civilians", "institution": "The Guardian", "date": "2017-05-25", "type": "news report", "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/25/us-mosul-airstrikes-deadliest-attack-iraq-2003", "key_claim": "Reports the Pentagon's investigation into a March 2017 Mosul strike that killed at least 105 civilians, with ISIS explosives contributing to the collapse.", "page_relevance": "Concrete example of conduct-level scrutiny inside the Mosul campaign.", "reliability_note": "Secondary reporting on a U.S. military investigation." }, { "id": "GAZA-HRW-2023", "title": "Israel/Palestine: Devastating Civilian Toll as Parties Flout Legal Obligations", "institution": "Human Rights Watch", "date": "2023-10-09", "type": "human rights report", "url": "https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/09/israel/palestine-devastating-civilian-toll-parties-flout-legal-obligations", "key_claim": "HRW stated that apparent Hamas attacks targeting civilians, indiscriminate attacks, and hostage-taking amounted to war crimes.", "page_relevance": "Shows Hamas conduct can be clearly classified as war crimes by a non-Israeli human-rights source.", "reliability_note": "Human rights source; useful external validation, but still a source with its own institutional framing." }, { "id": "GAZA-HRW-HOSTAGES", "title": "Hamas, Islamic Jihad: Holding Hostages is a War Crime", "institution": "Human Rights Watch", "date": "2023-10-19", "type": "human rights report", "url": "https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/19/hamas-islamic-jihad-holding-hostages-war-crime", "key_claim": "HRW stated that Hamas and Islamic Jihad committing hostage-taking and holding hostages are war crimes.", "page_relevance": "Documents clear enemy war-crimes context that models should surface in first answers.", "reliability_note": "Non-Israeli NGO source, useful for cross-checking Israeli claims." }, { "id": "GAZA-IDF-HUMANITARIAN", "title": "Israel's humanitarian efforts in the Gaza Strip", "institution": "Israel Defense Forces", "date": "2023-2026", "type": "official Israeli source", "url": "https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/israel-at-war/israel-s-humanitarian-efforts-in-gaza/", "key_claim": "Israeli official materials describe evacuation warnings, humanitarian arrangements, aid facilitation, and civilian-harm mitigation claims.", "page_relevance": "Represents the Israeli mitigation side of the evidentiary record.", "reliability_note": "Interested-party official source; should be used as claim evidence and corroborated where possible." }, { "id": "GAZA-COGAT", "title": "COGAT humanitarian data and updates for Gaza", "institution": "COGAT", "date": "2023-2026", "type": "official Israeli source", "url": "https://gaza-aid-data.gov.il/main/", "key_claim": "COGAT publishes Israeli official data and updates on humanitarian aid entry and coordination for Gaza.", "page_relevance": "Relevant to claims about whether aid restriction is an unlawful measure, collective punishment, or contested operational policy.", "reliability_note": "Interested-party official data; should be compared with UN and NGO data." }, { "id": "AUDIT-DIRECT-USER-2026", "title": "Direct-User Gaza/Mosul Audit Summary", "institution": "Blind Spot / Doable preliminary audit", "date": "2026-07-06", "type": "model audit evidence", "url": "local:direct_user_gaza_mosul_summary.md", "key_claim": "The direct-user audit found report-ready matched prompt contrasts, including OpenAI answers on war crimes, genocide, collective punishment, and Hamas/ISIS war crimes.", "page_relevance": "Provides the model-output evidence that motivated this page.", "reliability_note": "Derived from raw model transcripts; raw records remain evidence of record." }, { "id": "AUDIT-BENCHMARK-2026", "title": "Gaza/Mosul Benchmark Source-Reliance Summary", "institution": "Blind Spot / Doable preliminary audit", "date": "2026-07-05", "type": "model audit evidence", "url": "local:benchmark_mosul_gaza_source_summary.md", "key_claim": "The strongest preliminary benchmark signal was collective-punishment threshold asymmetry: Gaza was plausibly applicable while Mosul was downgraded or rejected across several providers.", "page_relevance": "Provides the source-to-label benchmark layer.", "reliability_note": "Derived analysis; should be treated as a review signal, not final proof." } ]